Relative Permittivity of Copper in PCB Design and Production Copper isn’t just the “wiring” of modern electronics—it’s the backbone of every printed circuit board (PCB). While engineers often highlight copper’s excellent conductivity, its electromagnetic behavior and interaction with high-frequency signals make its relative permittivity and surface properties critical in advanced PCB design. So, w...

Functional Verification Testing (FVT Test) in PCB Manufacturing: Methods, Parameters, and Best Practices 1. Introduction to FVT Testing Functional Verification Testing (FVT test) is a critical step in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) manufacturing and electronic assembly. It ensures that a fully assembled PCB functions correctly under real-world operating conditions. Unlike basic electrical tests that...